Emerging Applications of Microorganisms in Medical and Environmental Biotechnology: An Integrated Review

Microorganisms have emerged as indispensable agents in advancing both medical and environmental biotechnology. This review synthesizes current knowledge and explores the transformative roles of microorganisms, from the synthesis of recombinant therapeutics and bioactive pigments to their application in pollutant degradation and ecosystem restoration. We examine cutting-edge methodologies such as microbial encapsulation and genetic engineering, which are enhancing efficacy and scalability. Furthermore, this article critically addresses the persistent challenges in industrial translation and biosafety, while outlining future trajectories involving synthetic biology and integrated remediation strategies. The convergence of microbial applications across these disciplines highlights a paradigm shift towards sustainable and precision biotechnological solutions for pressing global health and environmental concerns.

کلیدواژه ها:

Microorganisms ، Biotechnology ، Medical ، Bioremediation ، Recombinant Proteins ، Biological Pigments ، Cell Encapsulation