The genetic and epigenetic aspects of renal cell carcinoma treatment

Introduction Genetics and epigenetics have been linked to cancer for over ۳۰ years, and in the last decade, their importance in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) research has grown. However, kidney cancer's curability relies on its progression, thus early detection is crucial. In this article, genetics and epigenetics are highlighted as vital in early diagnosis, precise prognosis, and identifying new kidney cancer treatment targets. Methods and materials We searched NCBI-Pubmed, Elsevier, Scopus, and Google-scholar for articles on RCC, epigenetics, DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA control. Review of epigenetics in RCC diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment articles. Results The most enduring epigenetic changes in RCC are DNA methylation, and studies reveal that normal kidney tissue is hypermethylated relative to malignant RCC tissue. However, abnormal RASSF۱A and VHL gene hypermethylation contributes to RCC etiology. RCC patients' poor prognoses are predicted by histone alteration at the H۳K۹me۲ site, which triggers transcriptional repression. RCC rates rise when tumor suppressor miRNAs such miR۲۱۰, miR۱۴۱, mir۲۰۰c, and miR۳۰c are downregulated. In response to hypoxia-inducible factor, miR۳۰c induces EMT and reduces cadherin to stimulate angiogenesis in RCC tumors. HIF۱a, CAIX, VEGF, and CRP protein may be RCC tumor indicators. Recent research has linked RCC to CA۱۵-۳, CA۱۲۵, and beta-۲-microglobulin levels. The increase in serum CA ۱۵-۳ tumor antigen is linked to tumor grade and stage. Reduced NKIRAS۱ gene expression has also been linked to RCC tumor development. RCC patients may benefit from tailored treatment and risk stratification using HIC۱ hypermethylated gene. This gene also decreased disease-free survival. Different forms of RCC have also been studied using the PAX۲ transcription factor. Epigenetic suppression of the ATP۱B۱ gene also promotes RCC in another recent study. RCC patients' urine biomarkers include aquaporin (AQP۱) and prolipin (PLIN۲), which are linked to tumor size and stage. The results suggest that urinary AQP۱ levels can detect RCC with ۱۰۰% sensitivity and specificity. Serum miR-۲۱۰ elevation may indicate early RCC in humans and can be utilized as a biomarker. Since therapy, methyltransferase inhibitors like MG۹۸ and histone deacetylase inhibitors like OBP-۸۰۱ have targeted epigenetic alterations. A novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, YM۷۵۳, promotes apoptosis and reduces RCC cell proliferation and is a promising therapeutic. Conclusion Genetics and epigenetics are promising cancer research disciplines that may help diagnose and prognose RCC early. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNA regulation are the three basic mechanisms of RCC, and genetic and epigenetic therapy based on these themes has come to the forefront of RCC research in the recent decade. The use of epigenetics in clinical practice has enabled early identification and prediction of RCC, suggesting a prospective role for genetics and epigenetics in kidney cancers. The promise of correcting epigenetic alteration pushes researchers to investigate these targets as RCC and other cancer treatments.

کلیدواژه ها:

RCC ، genetics ، epigenetics ، methylation ، histone