Prognostic Biomarkers in Glioblastoma: Asystematic literature review

Introduction: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), is the mostcommon and fatal cancer in the central nervous system. It has ahigh incidence of recurrence and can develop anywhere in thecentral nervous system. Patients with GBM have a very poorprognosis. As a result, it's critical to pay attention to its prognosticbiomarkers, which quicken the treatment process and lowerthe mortality rate.Method: Our study is based on the PRISMA guidelines. In Mar۲۰۲۳, English articles were reviewed in the PubMed databasewith the relevant keywords. Then according to inclusion andexclusion criteria, and quality assessment, related articles wereincluded in this study from ۲۰۱۸ to Mar ۲۰۲۳.Result: Forty articles were included in this study. Based on theinformation obtained from our study, prognostic biomarkerscan be divided into ۴ main categories. Immunobiological biomarkersinclude CDCA۵ and CDCA۸, systemic inflammationindex (SII) and number of neutrophils, STAT family (STAT۳and STAT۵), and Creactive protein. CDCA۵ and CDCA۸ influencebiological behaviours of proliferation, clonogenicity,and apoptosis of GBM cells according to their association withthe cell division cycle. Also, they showed apoptosis-inducingactivity and were highly expressed in GBM. The systemicImmune-inflammation Index (SII) and neutrophil count arepotential biomarkers for overall survival in patients as an inflammatorydetection agent. A higher value of SII significantlycorrelated with a worse outcome in patients and they exhibitedhigher neutrophil counts. In addition, the levels of platelets areoften elevated in patients and their elevation may accelerate theproliferation, angiogenesis, and dissemination of tumour cells.It suggested that neutrophils may promote tumour neoangiogenesis.In STAT۳ and STAT۵, pathways connected to cancerare either activated or blocked. The expression of matrix metalloproteinasesinvolved in the breakdown of the extracellularmatrix is regulated by STAT۳. Following the release of interleukin-۶ by macrophages and T cells in response to inflammationbrought on by malignant cancers, the level of C-reactive proteinas measured in the blood serum of cancer patients significantlyincreases. Genetical biomarkers contain Methylated-DifferentiallyExpressed Gene that ۱۰ of them have been found their expressionaccurately predicts the prognosis of GBM. Hub geneswhich have many interactions with other genes, play a positiverole in GBM tumorigenesis, cell cycle, chromosome separation,and DNA replication. Also, they significantly upregulatedin GBM. Long non-coding RNAs include HOX TranscriptAntisense Intergenic RNA, HOXA۱۱ antisense RNA, NuclearEnriched Abundant Transcript ۱, Growth arrest-specific ۵, andSOX۲ Overlapping Transcript. These all regulate proliferation,invasion, metastasis and apoptosis of cancer cells. Also, theyare over-expressed in glioblastoma, initiate and facilitate GBgrowth. Regulatory molecules contain Small Ubiquitin-LikeModifierylation which its unbalanced regulation is one of thetumor pathogenesis and can lead to the proliferation of glioblastoma.NPC Intracellular Cholesterol Transporter ۲ is a novelimmune-related target for predicting GBM. S۱۰۰A۱۱ functionas a highly specific and sensitive biomarker. Other biomarkerscontain having a surgical history since surgery may result inneurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate is a biomarker for short-term prognosis. Metabolicalterations, a less invasive method, are useful biomarkers in patients'plasma and saliva.Conclusion: In addition to the aforementioned biomarkers,there are additional factors with various traits that can be helpfulin glioblastoma prognosis prediction and improvement.

کلیدواژه ها:

glioblastoma ، glioma ، biomarker ، prognostic