Exosomal microRNAs as diagnostic andprognostic biomarkers for breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy affecting womenworldwide. Due to the challenges that exist in conventionalmethods, the early detection and awareness of this disease are limited. Therefore, the identification of high-performancecirculating biomarkers can be a promising approach for noninvasivecancer diagnosis. Apart from classical biomarkers, exosomesare emerging as an accessible and efficient source ofcell information.Exosomes are endosome-sized vesicles (۳۰-۱۵۰ nm) secretedfrom various cell types. Relative to healthy proliferating cells,tumor cells generate an excessive number of exosomes. Exosomesare abundant in all human body fluids and can be easilyanalyzed through noninvasive and minimally invasive methods.Exosomal content involves unique miRNAs, mRNAs, DNAfragments, lipids, and proteins.microRNAs (miRNAs) are important in tumorigenesis anddrug resistance, especially in breast cancer. They can regulatecell signaling pathways, including the Wnt signaling pathway,which plays an important role in breast cancer progression.Exosomal miRNAs are stable in body fluids, making them idealcandidate biomarkers for malignant tumors. For example, miR-۲۱-۵p is an exosomal miRNA that can be used as a biomarkerin breast cancer diagnosis in plasma.The breast cancer cell-derived exosomal miRNAs are reflectiveof their parent cells and may offer a tumor-related profilethat is more specific than the miRNA profile of whole bloodor serum. They have the potential to be used for breast cancerdiagnosis, subtype specification, and prediction and monitoringof response to therapy.Here, we review recent findings regarding tumor-derived exosomes,including miRNA sorting and delivering mechanisms,the roles of exosomal miRNAs in breast cancer signaling pathways,tumor microenvironment, tumor proliferation and apoptosis,metastasis, and other biological characteristics.Finally, the potential roles of exosomal miRNAs as diagnosticand prognostic biomarkers in breast cancer were summarized,as well as current methods of exosomal miRNA detection.

کلیدواژه ها:

Breast Cancer ، Exosomes ، MicroRNAs ، Biomarkers