The association between smoking behavior and fat-soluble vitamins: Areview on the related evidence

It is well known that smoking as an important public health problem is a risk factor for severaladverse health outcomes such as cancer, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory diseases.In addition, there is growing evidence that smoking can affect nutrients' metabolism including fatsolublevitamins which are the main focus of this review. We aimed to study the literature toinvestigate the relationship of smoking with the status of vitamins A, D, E, and K. Briefly, thePubMed database was searched using a combination of the keywords related to “smoking” and“fat-soluble vitamins”. In general, a large body of evidence showed the differences in circulatingvitamin D levels between smokers and non-smokers supporting that smokers are more likely tohave vitamin D deficiency. It has been suggested that smoking through effects on vitamin Dintake, synthesis, hydroxylation, and catabolism can involve decreasing vitamin D levels. In thecase of other fat-soluble vitamins, although there is limited and conflicting literature, smoking wasnegatively associated with concentrations of vitamin A (retinol and β-carotene as a pro-vitamin Acarotenoid), and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) in most researches. The variation in plasma vitamin k(phylloquinone) concentrations with smoking status has been also reported, however, there is nosufficient and consistent evidence to draw reliable conclusions. In summary, smoking can beassociated with an increased risk of hypovitaminosis, especially vitamin D. Indeed, smokerscompared to non-smokers are more likely to be deficient in fat-soluble vitamins. More studies areneeded to strengthen the evidence regarding the precise role of smoking in nutrients status.

کلیدواژه ها:

Review ، Smoking ، Vitamin A ، Vitamin D ، Vitamin E ، Vitamin K.