Advanced nanotechnology in enhancing immune checkpoint blockade for laryngeal cancer therapy

Laryngeal carcinoma, is the second most frequent cancer among head and neck cancers. Several risk factors, including alcohol intake, smoking, and infections with HPV, and EBV increase the incidence of this cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of laryngeal cancer, and other varieties include chondrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, melanoma, and neuroendocrine tumors. Timely and adequate treatment is vital given the associated symptoms, which include shortness of breath, wheezing, difficulty swallowing, throat or ear pain, and hoarseness. Treatment options that are frequently chosen depend on the patient's overall health, the disease's stage, and the tumor's precise location. These possibilities include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. Taking into account the drawbacks of surgery and other treatments, including difficulties in breathing or feeding, and drug toxicity, and recognizing that immunotherapies lack these side effects, they might be a worthwhile choice. Methods: We searched in PubMed and Google Scholar, and found ۱۴ articles based on our desired criteria. Results: Immunotherapy includes a variety of strategies to increase the immune system's activity in the fight against the tumor. immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are FDA-approved immunotherapy techniques, that can be used in combination with chemotherapy. Checkpoints are regulatory proteins that play a crucial role in preventing the immune system from attacking healthy tissues. These proteins are overexpressed in cancers, aiding tumor cells in evading immune responses. PD-۱, a molecule on immune cells such as T cells, is one example of checkpoint. It binds to PDL۱ on healthy and some tumor cells, suppressing immune responses, and inducing immune cell exhaustion. Consequently, ICIs that block these two molecules can stimulate immune cells, particularly T cells. For this purpose, two monoclonal antibodies, Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab By inhibiting PD-۱, have been FDA-approved in treating metastatic or recurrent laryngeal cancer. Due to the limited response to ICIs, nanoparticles are being employed to increase the anti-tumor characteristics of ICIs, improve drug delivery to tumor tissues, and decrease side effects on healthy tissues. Anti-PD۱ has been delivered to head and neck cancer using various nanoparticle forms, including polymeric, magnetic, lipid-based, and inorganic nanoparticles. These nanoparticles can be thought of as possibilities for ICI delivery because laryngeal cancer is a subset of head and neck cancer, albeit further research is required in this field. ICI delivery using gold nanoparticles in head and neck malignancies promotes apoptosis and suppresses angiogenesis. Additionally, gold nanoparticles alone exhibit anti-tumor effects in laryngeal cancer. Therefore, further studies are required to investigate the synergistic effects of these nanoparticles in combination with ICIs in laryngeal cancer. Conclusion: Developing novel therapeutic strategies is essential since laryngeal tumors have a high mortality rate. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery are usually employed in the early stages of the disease. However, additional approaches like immunotherapy are employed due to the great toxicity of chemotherapy and its ineffectiveness in extensive or metastatic tumors. Since responses to immunotherapy are frequently poor, Drugs are delivered via nanoparticles. The benefits of this strategy include less toxicity, improved pharmacokinetics, more effective drug delivery, and lower medication doses.

کلیدواژه ها:

laryngeal cancer ، immunotherapy ، immune checkpoint inhibitors ، PD-۱ inhibitor ، nanotechnology