Gold nanobiosensors for the detection of colorectal cancer: A novel approach to diagnosing the disease

: As colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to develop sensitive and specific diagnostic procedures that can detect the disease in its earliest stages in order to diagnose it in the most effective manner. Gold nano biosensors (AuNPs) have been considered an effective tool for detecting colorectal cancer biomarkers because of their unique physical and chemical properties, including high conductivity and high surface-to-volume ratio. The purpose of this review article is to present AuNPs, their mechanisms of action, and their clinical applications in early cancer detection. Methods: Data were collected from reliable databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A number of keywords were used to search for relevant information, such as "gold nano biosensors," "colorectal cancer diagnosis," "biosensing technologies," and "nanotechnology in cancer." Based on evaluations of the quality and compliance with the study objectives, AuNPs were selected and studied for their use in the diagnosis of colon cancer. In order to ensure that the data were valid and complete, certain inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select the sources. AuNPs have been studied for their structure and properties, emphasizing their interaction with colorectal cancer biomarkers like carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS). In detail, electrochemical, optical, and plasmonic methods of functioning of these nano biosensors have been discussed, and each method's effect on sensitivity and specificity of detection was examined. Results: AuNPs are widely used in the design of nano biosensors to detect colorectal cancer. Small size, large surface area, and ability to bind numerous biomolecules make these nanoparticles critical for detecting tumor biomarkers rapidly and accurately. It has been found that AuNPs have unique capabilities for creating surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which is used for optical detection and molecular recognition. As a result of SPR's high sensitivity to changes in the environment of nanoparticles, biosensors can detect target molecules such as colorectal cancer-specific antigens by detecting small optical changes. Additionally, AuNPs are widely used in electrochemical biosensors, in which they are attached to molecules such as antibodies, DNA, or aptamers for the purpose of detecting biomarkers such as CEA, which has been linked to colorectal cancer and is more accurate and rapid to detect. The biocompatibility and low toxicity of AuNPs make them suitable for use in biological environments and for in vivo diagnostics as well. As a result of these properties, AuNPs have proven to be effective and reliable for the development of nano biosensors for detecting colorectal cancer early. The technology is praised for its sensitivity in early detection and ability to measure biomarkers from low concentrations. Conclusion: Finally, there have been discussions about the challenges associated with the development and commercialization of this technology, such as the stability of nanoparticles in biological environments, the cost of production, and the necessity of standardizing processes that are used in production. Additionally, smart polymers and changes in nanoparticle leveling have been suggested to enhance nano biosensor performance.

کلیدواژه ها:

Gold Nanobiosensors ، Colorectal cancer ، Diagnosis ، Nanobiosensors ، Nanotechnology