effect of lncRNAs in bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in the urinary system. It is a primary worldwide health concern with differences in incidence and clinical outcomes between men and women. This cancer, the sixth most common in the United States and the cause of over ۱۶,۰۰۰ deaths each year has a complicated pathophysiology that includes both genetic and environmental components. LncRNAs, which are longer than ۲۰۰ nucleotides and do not have a large open reading frame, may be crucial in many biological pathways and cellular processes at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. This review examines the alterations in expression and functional significance of lncRNAs in the context of bladder cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated distinct expression patterns of multiple lncRNAs in bladder cancer tissues relative to normal tissues. For instance, promoters of CDKN۱A antisense DNA damage-activated RNA (PANDAR) are upregulated in bladder cancer. The expression of PANDAR depends on the tumor protein p۵۳. This lncRNA works with the transcription factor NF-YA to inhibit the expression of pro-apoptotic genes, and the upregulation of H۱۹ facilitates the proliferation of bladder cancer cells in vitro. H۱۹ upregulation enhances bladder cancer cell proliferation in vitro. It improves the migration ability of bladder cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo. H۱۹, a potential tumour biomarker in bladder cancer. Conversely, other LncRNAs, such as Maternally Expressed Gene ۳ (MEG۳) and BRAF activated non-coding RNA (BANCR), act as tumor suppressors, inhibiting cancer cell growth and promoting apoptosis. The potential of LNCRNAs as indications for early diagnosis and prognosis in bladder cancer has attracted much interest. Several studies have highlighted the diagnostic value of circulating lncRNAs in urine and plasma samples from bladder cancer patients, offering a non-invasive approach to cancer detection. In addition, regulation of lncRNA activity offers a new therapeutic approach. Targeting specific lncRNAs cannot only change tumour behaviour but also enhance treatment responses. For example, silencing the expression of lncRNA HOTAIR, an oncogenic lncRNA, has sensitized bladder cancer cells to chemotherapy. In conclusion, lncRNAs have a crucial role in the molecular pathogenesis of bladder cancer by modulating key oncogenic and tumour-suppressive pathways. In this review, we have summarized the current understanding of the dysregulation of lncRNAs in bladder cancer and their potential clinical applications as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

کلیدواژه ها:

bladder cancer ، LncRNA ، Biomarkers ، Therapeutic target