Expression Alternation and Function of Small Non-coding RNAs in Osteosarcoma Cancer

Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) refers to RNA that does not encode proteins but still carries important information and functions. Recent studies show that a significant portion of mammalian genomes is transcribed into ncRNAs, including microRNAs and snoRNAs, many of which remain unidentified. Most functions of these ncRNAs are still unknown. They form a hidden layer of signals regulating gene expression in processes like chromatin structure, transcription, and translation. RNA regulatory networks may influence complex traits and play vital roles in diseases. This area represents a largely unexplored aspect of genetic variation across species. Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs, which means they can`t be translated into proteins, but they directly play biological functions at the RNA level. SncRNAs mainly include Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), repeat RNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs). The ENCODE project has reported that at least ۸۰% of the human genome is biologically active, yet only a small part of human DNA encodes for protein. The massive amount of RNA transcribed but not translated into protein can be classified as housekeeping RNA (such as rRNA, tRNA) and regulatory RNA (such as miRNA, piRNA, lncRNA). Small non-coding RNAs, in particular, have been the focus of many studies in the last ۲۰ years and their fundamental role in many human diseases is currently well established. Inter alia, their role in cancer development and progression, as well as in drug resistance, is being increasingly investigated. In this review, focusing our attention on recent research results, we provide an overview of the expression, alternation and function of small non-coding RNAs in Osteosarcoma cancer. Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor worldwide. OS exhibits a range of aggressive behaviors, including early metastasis potential, rapid progression, poor clinical prognosis and insensitivity to chemoradiotherapy Non-coding RNAs are transcripts that do not encode proteins. A significant number of studies published on OS have been focused on the aberrant expression of non-coding RNAs and their involvement in tumor initiation and progression. It has been confirmed that non coding RNAs exert their regulatory functions at both the transcriptional and post transcriptional level, which leads to tumor initiation or progression in OS.

کلیدواژه ها:

Non-coding RNAs ، Osteosarcoma ، Tumor Progression