MicroRNA Therapeutics and Non-Coding RNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Path Toward Precision Medicine

Introduction Recent treatment demonstrated that microRNAs play a role in liver cancer and interact with other non-coding RNAs. Medicines targeting miR-۳۴ and miR-۱۶ are the most advanced in their research and development. Numerous clinical trials provide evidence of these treatments' potential effectiveness in treating liver cancer. With continued refinement of RNA delivery techniques and a deeper understanding of epigenetic mechanisms, improved translation of RNA-based therapy into clinical practice is inevitable. Methods This review pertains to miRNAs and lncRNAs and incorporates information on various studies conducted to observe the role of ncRNAs in HCC to understand how these ncRNAs regulate, initiate, and mediate gene expression. The function of ncRNAs as targets for novel treatment and as biomarkers for prognosis and early detection is noticeable. Discussion Small non-coding RNAs, regulate the gene expression that reduces the mRNA degradation with target genes by binding with the ۳' untranslated region of target mRNAs. miR-۲۱, miR-۲۲۱, and miR-۱۲۲ inhibit the growth, invasion, and metastasis genes and tumor suppressors. The miR-۱۹۹ and miR-۳۴a lined with increased tumor growth and resistance to the treatment. Transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and epigenetic mechanisms for HCC function require lncRNAs with copies of more than ۲۰۰ nucleotides. Due to the increased angiogenesis, metastasis of cancer, and poor prognosis in patients with HCC, lncRNAs represent the genes HOTAIR and MALAT۱. Results In tumorigenesis, metastasis of HCC, Some miRNAs, such as miR-۲۱-۵p and miR-۲۲۲۱-۳p, have functional roles. They will be considered biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of HCC. Further, it documented that ncRNAs influence crucial epigenetic changes in oncogenic driving pathways in liver cancer, including DNA methylation and histone modification. Intercellular communication is interceded through exosome miRNAs, which, as a matter of fact, also play a very crucial role in modulating the tumor microenvironment during liver cancer development. Conclusion Understanding the role of small RNAs, especially microRNAs, and their interaction with other ncRNAs in liver cancer has provided new perspectives in therapy development. MicroRNA-based therapies represent a salient new hope for treatment outcomes in patients with HCC; miR-۳۴ and miR-۱۶ represent the most advanced examples of such therapies. Clinical trials document the possible efficacy of these therapies in the fight against liver cancer. Further research in RNA delivery strategies and a deeper understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms will suffice to make the interpretation of RNA-based medicines in the clinic more effective.

کلیدواژه ها:

liver cancer ، hepatocellular carcinoma ، non-coding RNAs ، microRNAs