Expression alternation and functional of long non-coding RNAs in multiple myeloma cancer

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy. It involves plasma cells that produce aberrant monoclonal immunoglobulin in the bone marrow and undergo abnormal proliferation. MM occurs primarily in older and middle-aged individuals and has a high mortality rate, with no definitive treatment. Recently, dysregulation of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression has been shown to be associated with this disease. LncRNAs typically have a length of over ۲۰۰ nucleotides and are a distinct class of RNAs that don’t encode for proteins. Recent studies have highlighted lncRNAs as key players in complex biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and survival mechanisms. These processes significantly influence carcinogenesis, affecting levels of invasion and metastasis in several cancers, including multiple myeloma. LncRNAs involved in cancer are classified as oncogenic lncRNAs or tumor-suppressive lncRNAs. In addition, lncRNAs contribute to chemoresistance by modulating drug secretion, repairing DNA damage, regulating the cell cycle, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cell signaling pathways. These molecules can regulate the phenotypic changes of various cancer types. Immunity-related lncRNAs are recognized as specific regulators of gene expression in immune cells and therefore may affect immunotherapy resistance. Also, lncRNAs can act as spongers of specific miRNAs and prevent their binding to target mRNAs. This mechanism leads to increased expression of miRNA target genes and changes in signaling pathways in cancer-related cells. Additionally, lncRNAs can interfere with cancer-related signaling pathways through interactions with proteins. These interactions regulate protein activity, protein localization , and facilitate the formation of protein complexes. Moreover, lncRNAs play a crucial role in regulating gene expression through epigenetic modifications, including changes in histone acetylation and methylation. Beyond their key role in the initiation and progression of cancer, lncRNAs can serve as biomarkers with diagnostic significance and as therapeutic targets in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). This review introduces various tumor-suppressor and oncogenic lncRNAs involved in MM and highlights the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs involved in proliferation, invasion, EMT and drug resistance of MM. They can be also considered as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this type of cancer. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in MM can help the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

کلیدواژه ها:

multiple myeloma ، lncRNAs ، miRNAs ، mechanisms ، cancer