The latest clinical trials of melanoma vaccination : A review

Introduction: In recent years, due to the increase in the prevalence of cancer driven by various environmental and genetic factors, has prompted significant advancements in cancer vaccine development. Researchers have focused on T lymphocyte cells and their mechanisms, leading to innovative vaccines aimed not at prevention, but at treating cancer and preventing its recurrence, particularly following metastatic phases. Methods: This review examines recent clinical studies on melanoma vaccines, utilizing articles from PubMed and Google Scholar published between ۲۰۲۰ and ۲۰۲۴ with the help of keywords such as melanoma, cancer vaccines, cell vaccines, peptide vaccines, and melanoma clinical trial. Results: Melanoma is particularly aggressive due to its high metastatic potential and resistance to chemotherapy, underscoring the need for novel treatment approaches. The crucial role of CD۴+ and CD۸+ T cells in vaccine production due to the presence of anti-tumor activity creates the principles of melanoma vaccines. This review compares the tumor lysate, particle-loaded, dendritic cell (TLPLDC) vaccine and the tumor lysate, particle only (TLPO) vaccine and discusses the impact of incorporating dendritic cell vaccines into tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy. In the peptide vaccine section, studies indicate that pre-treatment with specific drugs can significantly enhance overall survival and reduce recurrence rates by inducing robust T-cell responses. Additionally, a study on a personalized vaccine utilizing a viral vector demonstrated the amplification of tumor-reactive T cells, contributing to effective treatment outcomes. In RNA vaccines, the TriMixDC-MEL IPI treatment elicited strong CD۸+ T cell responses. This type of vaccine has been thoroughly investigated in a substantial group of stage III and IV melanoma patients, as well as in those with clinical observations. Conclusion: This review aims to explore the effects of melanoma-targeted vaccines and identify the most effective treatment strategies with fewer complications and better outcomes. However, further research and extensive clinical trials are essential to advance cancer vaccination.

کلیدواژه ها:

Melanoma ، Vaccination ، Clinical trials ، Therapeutic vaccines ، Dendritic cells