molecular diagnosis of laryngeal cancer

Laryngeal carcinoma, or throat cancer, makes up about ۲۰% of all head and neck cancers. It is the second most common type of cancer in the upper respiratory system, following lung cancer. Most of these cases (۸۵% to ۹۵%) are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), mainly caused by smoking and drinking alcohol. The symptoms, treatments, and outcomes for laryngeal SCC (LSCC) can differ based on where the tumor is located. Generally, tumors in the supraglottic (above the vocal cords) and subglottic (below the vocal cords) areas have worse outcomes than those in the glottic area (where the vocal cords are). Supraglottic SCC often goes unnoticed until it’s advanced, while subglottic cancer can also be hard to detect early. On the other hand, glottic SCC is usually found sooner because it shows early symptoms and tends to spread less. Unfortunately, over ۴۰% of LSCC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, leading to a five-year survival rate of about ۵۰%. There are currently no reliable methods to predict how this cancer will progress. This has led to increased interest in finding new biomarkers that can help with early diagnosis, treatment choices, and predicting patient outcomes. Additionally, LSCC develops through a series of changes starting with early lesions like dysplasia. Therefore, identifying markers for these early stages is crucial. This review will summarize important biomarkers found in laryngeal cancer and its early lesions, using methods like immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), flow cytometry, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We will also discuss how these biomarkers relate to disease progression. Methods A search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify articles related to molecular diagnosis in laryngeal cancer. The search terms included" laryngeal neoplasms" OR" laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma" OR "larynx carcinoma" AND "biomarkers" OR "molecular diagnosis" OR "histological marker" OR "molecular diagnostic technic ".Only articles published in English were considered. The titles and abstracts of the identified articles were reviewed, and full-text articles were obtained when relevant biomarkers associated with laryngeal carcinoma were mentioned. Additionally, relevant review articles were examined for further insights. Result According to a review of laryngeal cancer, most molecular diagnoses are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), cell cycle regulators (Ki-۶۷, cyclin D۱, p۲۷, p۱۶, PCNA), apoptosis regulatory proteins (Bcl- ۲) are Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (p۵۳), molecules involved in growth factor pathways (EGFR, TGF-β), angiogenesis (VEGF, angiogenin, CD۱۰۵), structural (E-cadherin, CD۴۴, osteopontin, FAK and cortactin) involved. Conclusion Various molecular markers are increasing to detect different types of cancers, and they can be diagnostic, prospective, and therapeutic to manage laryngeal cancer. But we need much more information to diagnose cancers.

کلیدواژه ها:

laryngeal cancer ، laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma ، molecular diagnosic ، biomarker