Insight to Human papilloma virus andcervical cancer review article

Cervical cancer is considered a largely preventable disease becauseof population-based screening and more recent vaccinationprograms in high income countries, although it remainsthe fourth most common cancer in women worldwide.۱,۲ Ofthe estimated ۵۲۷,۶۰۰ new cases and ۲۶۵,۷۰۰ related deathsannually,most occur to women in low- and middle-incomecountries.۱,۲ It is well established, both epidemiologicallyand mechanistically, that cervical cancer and its premalignantprecursor stages (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN]) arecausally related to oncogenic types of the human papillomavirus(HPV).Most women across the globe are infectedatleastoncewith۱ormoreHPVtypes in their lifetime, but demonstrable persistenceof oncogenic HPV types poses a direct risk of progression topremalignancy and invasive cervical cancer in only some individuals.۵ This suggests that other, largely undetermined cofactorsare at play,۶ with vaginal dysbiosis emerging as a potentialdriver of HPV related disease outcomes.۶,۷ In two meta-analysesof mostly unadjusted cross-sectional data, dysbiosis. Canceroften takes years, even decades, to develop after a person getsHPV. CDC and WHO recommended HPV vaccination at ages ۱۱-۱۲ to protect against these cancers.There is no way to know which people who have HPV will developcancer or other health problems. People with weakenedimmune systems (including individuals with HIV/AIDS) maybe less able to fight off HPV and more likely to develop healthproblems from it.An HPV-associated cancer is a specific cellular type of cancerthat is diagnosed in a part of the body where HPV is often found.These parts of the body include the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis,anus, rectum, and oropharynx (back of the throat, including thebase of the tongue and tonsils).۱ These cellular types includecarcinomas External of the cervix and squamous cell carcinomasExternal of the vagina, vulva, penis, anus, rectum, andoropharynx. Researchers use cancer registry data to estimatethe number of HPV-associated cancers in the United States bylooking at cancer in parts of the body and cancer cell types thatare more likely to be caused by HPV. Cancer registries do notroutinely collect data on whether HPV is in the cancer tissue.CDC studies۳ ۴ have reported the number of HPV-associatedcancer cases per year, and these studies have more informationon how HPV-associated numbers were calculated.An HPV-attributable cancer is a cancer that is probably causedby HPV. Some HPV infections can lead to cancer, most HPV infections(۹ out of ۱۰) go away by themselves within two years.But, sometimes HPV infections will last longer, and can causecertain types of cancers. HPV infections can cause cancers ofthe:• Cervix, Vagina, and Vulva in Women;• Penis in Men• Anus and back of the throat, including the base of the tongueand tonsils (oropharynx), in both Women and Men.HPV causes nearly all cervical cancers and many cancers of thevagina, vulva, penis, anus, rectum, and oropharynxA study used population-based data from cancer tissue to estimatethe percentage of these cancers that are probably causedby HPV.

کلیدواژه ها:

human papilloma virus ، cancer ، cervical ، penis ، rectum ، cancer tissue