Epidemiological, Molecular Mechanisms,and Modern Vaccine-Based Therapeutic Techniques in Patientswith Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterizedby high invasiveness، high metastatic potential، proneto recurrence، and poor prognosis. Currently، four subtypes aredistinct in the TNBC classification that differ in morphologicalmanifestations، molecular genetic characteristics، survivalrates، prognostic parameters and tumor resistance to treatment.A long-term lack of effective and heterogeneous tumor treatmentshas contributed to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)، a subtype with poor prognosis and aggressive behavior thataccounts for ۱۰ to ۱۵ percent of all new breast cancer cases. Theaim of this study was to determine epidemiological, molecularmechanisms and modern vaccine-based therapeutic techniquesin patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).Materials and Methods: This descriptive study with narrativereview approach was conducted in ۲۰۲۳ by searching keywordssuch as: Molecular Mechanisms, Modern Vaccine-Based,TNBC, BRCA۱/۲ in reliable databases such as: Elsevier, Scopus,PubMed, Web of Science. Finally, ۱۵ articles were found,of which ۱۰ were studied.Results: TNBC is characterized by absence of progesteroneand estrogen receptor expression and lacks gene enhancementor HER۲ overexpression. A special place in this group ofbreast tumors is occupied by the mesenchymal subtype whosefrequency varies from ۷ to ۲۸ percent. The mesenchymal subtypeof TNBC (M-TNBC) is characterized by the expression ofmolecular markers associated with the mesenchymal epithelialtransport (EMT) program and cancer stem cells. M-TNBC has amuch more aggressive behavior and worse prognosis due to itsaggressive and stem-like characteristics that are associated withmetastatic release and resistance to treatments.Conclusion: The clinical usefulness of BRCA۱/۲ germlinegene sequences in TNBC is well established. However, reportsof penetration and risk of other susceptibility genes are relativelyrare.

کلیدواژه ها:

Molecular Mechanisms ، Modern Vaccine-Based ، TNBC ، BRCA۱/۲