The Transparency Paradox in Hierarchical Structures: A Meta-Analytic Review of Informal Communication Effects on Horizontal and Vertical Conflict

Background: Transparency is often heralded as a foundational pillar of modern organizational governance. However, the intersection of organizational hierarchy and informal communication channels creates a phenomenon termed the "transparency paradox," where increased transparency intended to reduce ambiguity may inadvertently trigger or exacerbate horizontal and vertical conflicts. This meta-analytic review examines the impact of informal communication on organizational conflict dynamics between ۲۰۲۰ and ۲۰۲۵. Methods: A systematic search of international databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar) and Persian repositories (SID, Magiran) identified empirical studies. Using a random-effects meta-analytic framework, we synthesized findings from ۲۴ independent samples to determine the effect of informal communication networks on conflict intensity. Results: Results indicate a non-linear relationship between transparency and conflict, moderated by the degree of informal social capital. While formal transparency reduces vertical information asymmetry, informal communication often acts as a double-edged sword, serving either as a stress-relief valve or as a source of destructive rumor-spreading that amplifies both horizontal and vertical conflict. Conclusion: The study concludes that organizational leaders must balance formal transparency policies with the cultivation of constructive informal communication to navigate the transparency paradox.

کلیدواژه ها:

transparency paradox ، hierarchical structures ، informal communication ، organizational conflict ، meta-analysis ، vertical conflict ، horizontal conflict