Sports nutrition based on real-time data from wearable technologies: the role of wearable technologies in optimizing physiological response during exercise and recovery

Background: Traditional sports nutrition strategies have largely relied on generalized guidelines based on static anthropometric data, often failing to account for the dynamic and individual metabolic variability of athletes. The advent of wearable technology has introduced the potential for real-time physiological monitoring, offering a pathway toward personalized, data-driven nutritional interventions. This review examines the role of wearable technologies in optimizing sports nutrition, specifically focusing on enhancing physiological responses during exercise and accelerating recovery processes. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore for peer-reviewed articles published between January ۲۰۱۴ and March ۲۰۲۶. The search focused on studies utilizing wearable devices—such as continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), sweat analysis patches, heart rate variability (HRV) sensors, and wearable electromyography (EMG)—to inform nutritional strategies in human subjects. Studies were included if they provided real-time physiological data linked to nutritional intake, performance outcomes, or recovery metrics. Results: The review identified ۴۵ relevant studies demonstrating the efficacy of real-time data in sports nutrition. Key findings indicate that CGM-guided carbohydrate intake significantly improves glycemic stability and endurance performance by preventing hypoglycemic events. Wearable sweat sensors enable precise hydration and electrolyte management, reducing the risk of hyponatremia and cramping. Furthermore, HRV and EMG data allow for tailored post-exercise protein and anti-inflammatory nutrient intake, enhancing muscle repair and autonomic nervous system recovery. Artificial intelligence integration is emerging as a critical tool for synthesizing this complex data into actionable nutritional recommendations. Conclusion: Wearable technologies facilitate a paradigm shift from static to dynamic, personalized sports nutrition. Real-time monitoring of metabolic, hydration, and recovery markers allows for precise nutritional adjustments that optimize performance and accelerate recovery. Despite challenges regarding data overload, sensor accuracy, and ethical considerations, the integration of wearable tech with advanced analytics represents the future of precision nutrition in sports. Future research should focus on long-term health outcomes and the development of standardized protocols for data interpretation.

کلیدواژه ها:

Wearable Technology ، Sports Nutrition ، Real-Time Data ، Continuous Glucose Monitoring ، Recovery ، Personalized Nutrition