Radiology in Exotic Animals and Diagnostic Methods: A Systematic Review

Background: In veterinary medicine, radiological imaging is an essential diagnostic tool, particularly for exotic animals such as birds, reptiles, and small mammals. Interpreting radiographic results in this species is frequently difficult due to its anatomical and physiological diversity. The limited number of established protocols further complicates the process of correct diagnosis. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide a summary of the conventional radiological diagnostic procedures used in exotic animals, evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of these procedures, and identify any existing knowledge gaps. Methods: The databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to conduct a comprehensive literature review from January ۲۰۱۵ to March ۲۰۲۵. The list of keywords included "radiology," "diagnostic imaging," and "exotic animals." Radiography, ultrasonography (USG), computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were considered for inclusion in eligible studies. Among the several types of data that were extracted were diagnostic outcomes, imaging modality, and animal species. Results: Eleven peer-reviewed studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Radiography was the most accessible and prevalent technology, although USG provided enhanced soft-tissue assessment. CT and MRI provided intricate three-dimensional imaging but were constrained by cost and the need for anesthesia. Diagnostic accuracy improved when imaging techniques were tailored to species-specific anatomy and conducted by proficient clinicians. Conclusion: Exotic animal care requires radiography for accurate diagnosis and patient care. Large-scale implementation is problematic due to the lack of imaging techniques and reference data. In exotic veterinary medicine, species-specific techniques and evidence-based diagnostic imaging are crucial. More research and training are needed.

کلیدواژه ها:

Radiology ، Exotic animals ، Diagnostic imaging ، Ultrasonography ، Computed tomography