Challenges and Emerging Solutions in ۳D Printed Concrete: A Comprehensive Literature Review

This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on ۳D Concrete Printing (۳DCP), an emerging construction technology that combines additive manufacturing with cementitious materials to enable formwork-free, automated building processes. The study identifies and categorizes key technical challenges such as rheological control, interlayer bonding, reinforcement placement, anisotropic mechanical behavior, and durability concerns. Further, it analyzes advances in material formulation, robotic path planning, digital modeling, and sustainability metrics. Structural performance, including flexural strength, failure modes, and long-term behavior, is discussed based on experimental and numerical studies. In addition, a comparative review of case studies and applications highlights the current state of practice across different geographic and project contexts. The paper concludes by outlining future directions for standardization, hybrid construction techniques, real-time quality control via AI, and expanded use in industrial and emergency contexts. Over ۱۰۰ scholarly references are reviewed to provide a roadmap for researchers and practitioners seeking to advance this transformative construction method.

کلیدواژه ها:

۳D Concrete Printing ، Additive Manufacturing ، Rheology ، Interlayer Bonding ، Structural Performance ، Digital Construction ، Reinforcement Strategies ، Sustainability