Recent Advances in the Understanding and Management of Avian Respiratory Viruses

Avian respiratory viruses, including avian influenza viruses (AIVs), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), pose significant threats to poultry health and public health. Recent advances in the epidemiology, molecular characteristics, and control strategies for these pathogens have enhanced our understanding and management capabilities. AIVs, particularly H۵ and H۷ subtypes, continue to cause outbreaks in poultry and occasional zoonotic transmission to humans. Surveillance has shown the role of migratory birds in spreading AIVs, with genomic studies revealing novel reassortments impacting virulence and host range. NDV remains a major poultry pathogen, with recent outbreaks of more virulent strains complicating control efforts. Advances in molecular diagnostics and vaccine development, including recombinant and vector vaccines, are crucial for effective NDV management. aMPV and IBV cause significant respiratory diseases in poultry, with genetic diversity among strains complicating vaccine design and efficacy. The emergence of novel avian coronaviruses has raised concerns about potential zoonotic threats, emphasizing the need for continuous surveillance and genomic characterization. Enhanced biosecurity measures, understanding host-pathogen interactions, and developing broadly protective vaccines are critical for controlling these viruses. Future research should focus on integrating advanced genomic technologies in surveillance, exploring novel therapeutic approaches, and strengthening biosecurity to mitigate the impact of avian respiratory viruses. This comprehensive review underscores the importance of ongoing research and coordinated efforts to protect both animal and human health from these evolving pathogens.

کلیدواژه ها:

Avian Influenza Viruses ، Newcastle Disease Virus ، Avian Metapneumovirus ، Infectious Bronchitis Virus ، Poultry health and zoonotic transmission