Effects of tobacco inhalation on liver cancer: a brief review

Background: Today, liver cancer is known as one of the most common cancers in men andwomen in the world, so that it is the fifth most common cancer among men and the seventh mostcommon cancer among women. Various environmental and hereditary factors play a role in theoccurrence of this cancer. The current study was designed with the aim of determining the effectsof tobacco inhalation on liver cancer.Methods: The present study was a brief review designed in ۲۰۲۲. ۳ scientific databases includingPubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google Scholar were used to search for articles. The entry criteriaof the articles included Latin language and the full text of the article. At first, ۶۳ articles wereretrieved, and finally ۱۱ articles were selected for final review.Results: Smoking a cigarette produces more than ۴۰۰۰ chemicals. Chemicals produced fromcigarette smoke cause three main effects on the liver. These effects include oncogenic,immunological and indirect or direct toxic effects that lead to liver cancer. Tobacco causessecondary polycythemia, which means that it successively increases the circulation and mass ofred blood cells, and as a result, due to iron overload, they lead to oxidative stress in the liver. Inaddition, tobacco drives the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α) and interleukins (IL-۱β, IL-۶), which are responsible for chronic liver damage.Conclusion: Smoking cessation strategies mainly include pharmacological and nonpharmacologicalinterventions as well as a combination of these methods. Non-pharmacologicalinterventions for smoking cessation include telephone counseling, individual and group counselingsessions, and fitness programs. Drug therapy can include nicotine replacement therapy, sustainedrelease(SR) bupropion, nicotine gum, nicotine lozenges, and nicotine transdermal patch. As aresult, it is necessary to hold counseling courses for young people and groups at risk of addictionand inform about the complications and dangers of smoking in society.

کلیدواژه ها:

Tobacco ، Liver Cancer ، Risk Factors.