Comparison the perceptions of football Referees in Iran and Iraq: Organizational support, violence, match fixing

The aim of this study was to compare the perceptions of football referees in Iran and Iraq regarding the variables of organizational support, violence and collusion. The present research method was descriptive - comparative which was done electronically through a questionnaire. The statistical population was all football referees working in Iran and Iraq who had a history of refereeing in the Premier League, Asian Championships and World Cups (N = ۱۵۰). The statistical sample of active referees in the Premier League, Asian competitions and international competitions in the season (۹۹-۹۹) in Iran was ۱۰۰ people and in Iraq was ۵۰ people who used the sampling method (n = ۱۵۰). Data collection tools were demographic information questionnaire, perceived organizational support questionnaire, perceived collusion, and perceived violence. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and one-sample t-test. The results of the study showed that the variables of perceived organizational support, perceived violence and perceived collusion were significant in the referees football of Iran and Iraq (P = ۰/۰۰۱). Perceived violence and perceived collusion were assessed as undesirable by Iranian judges and by Iraqi judges. The organizational support perceived by the Iranian referees and Iraq referees is significantly unfavorable. Data collection tools were personal information questionnaire, Perceived Organizational Support Questionnaire (Yuna Hong, ۲۰۱۹), Perceived Collusion (Jonas Vicchers, ۲۰۱۹) and Perceived Violence (Alon Acre, ۲۰۱۳). In order to organizational support and eliminate violence and collusion in football, it is suggested to try to eliminate violence and collusion by adopting basic planning in basic and championship football..

کلیدواژه ها:

Referee ، organizational support ، Violence ، Collusion ، Football