Probable Adverse Health Consequences through Alteration of Circulating Free Micro- and Small-RNAs Following Consumption of Genetically Modified Foods

MicroRNAs are small endogenous noncoding RNAs approximately 19-22 nucleotides in length that have been conserved among a vast array of species. They mediate posttranscriptional regulation of protein-coding genes by binding to the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) and sometimesto the 5′UTR or coding regions of target mRNAs. Their mode of action involve either by transcript degradation or translation inhibition depending on a complete or partial match between the microRNA’s seed, a short segment of few critica l nucleotides which is directing specific microRNA-mRNA binding, and its target site. Deregulation of microRNA expression has been implicated in many diseases including multifactorial complex one like cancers, neuro-degeneration and cardiovascular diseases. The findings indicate that exosomal secretory microRNAs, as a silence master of gene expression can make multi translation inhibitory leading to the creation of specific biological events (Carroll et al., 2013).