CO₂ Valorization: From Carbon Capture to Fuels Abstract and Value-Added Chemicals

Carbon dioxide (CO۲) is both a major greenhouse gas and a potential carbon feedstock for sustainable chemical production. This review examines the valorization of CO۲ from capture and molecular activation to catalytic conversion into fuels and value-added chemicals. Conventional and advanced capture materials are discussed in relation to CO۲ concentration, selectivity, regeneration, and compatibility with downstream conversion. The roles of active sites, defects, metal-support interfaces, and nanoconfinement in CO۲ activation and product selectivity are highlighted. Thermocatalytic, photocatalytic, and electrocatalytic routes are critically compared, with emphasis on methanol, formate, methane, ethanol, ethylene, cyclic carbonates, dimethyl carbonate, and urea. Integrated capture-conversion strategies and key challenges, including energy demand, carbon efficiency, catalyst stability, product separation, and scale-up, are also considered. This review provides a structure-mechanism-performance perspective for developing efficient and practical pathways toward CO۲ valorization and circular carbon utilization.

کلیدواژه ها:

CO۲ valorization ، Carbon capture ، Catalytic conversion ، CO۲ activation ، Sustainable fuels ، Value-added chemicals