From Traditional Cooperation to Resilient Consortiums: Analyzing Structural Obstacles and Innovative Export Solutions for Iran Under Sanctions

This research explores the role and position of export consortiums as an institutional response to address the fundamental challenges of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Iran. An export consortium, beyond a simple alliance, is an organized mechanism for resource pooling and reducing fixed export costs through economies of scale. The primary objective of this article is to identify structural, institutional, and international barriers that have limited the efficiency of these alliances within Iran's economic ecosystem, particularly during the era of sanctions and macro-instability. Findings indicate that although consortiums in Iran have shifted from a contracting-based model toward "technological" and "resilient" models, factors such as banking restrictions, high transaction costs resulting from sanctions, currency fluctuations, and weaknesses in corporate governance (such as the free-rider problem) have hindered the full realization of their goals. Finally, emphasizing the "Anti-Sanction Consortium Model," this paper suggests strategies such as strategic market diversification, leveraging the Iranian diaspora's capacity, trade digitalization, and the development of common standards to enhance collective competitiveness in global markets.

کلیدواژه ها:

Export Consortium ، SMEs ، Economic Sanctions ، Resilience ، Transaction Costs ، Corporate Governance