A Review of the Role of Vernacular Materials in the Design of Net-Zero Energy and Net-Zero Carbon Buildings

This study reviews the role of vernacular materials in the design of Net-Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBS) and Net-Zero Carbon Buildings (NZCBs), emphasizing their environmental, thermal, and cultural performance across different climatic contexts. Vernacular materials-such as adobe, bamboo, stone, and timber-have historically demonstrated strong compatibility with passive design strategies, offering natural thermal regulation and reduced reliance on mechanical systems. The review incorporated findings from peer-reviewed literature, life-cycle assessment studies, and digitally-enabled case projects to evaluate the embodied energy, operational efficiency, and scalability of vernacular approaches. Results showed that vernacular materials contributed significantly to both operational energy savings and reductions in embodied carbon, with many systems outperforming industrial alternatives when adapted to local climates. Moreover, digital tools like BIM and LCA modeling have enhanced the integration of traditional materials into contemporary sustainable design workflows. However, challenges persist, including regulatory barriers, lack of standardization, and misconceptions about structural performance. The study highlights the need for hybrid solutions that combine ancestral knowledge with modern technology to bridge the gap between heritage and innovation. It concludes with practical recommendations such as policy reform, digital integration, educational adaptation, and material supply chain development to support the broader adoption of vernacular strategies in climate-resilient architecture. This review reinforces the critical role of place-based, culturally informed material systems in achieving global sustainability goals.

کلیدواژه ها:

Vernacular materials ، Net-Zero Energy Buildings ، Embodied carbon ، Passive design ، Sustainable architecture