Subject Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment for Firefighters during Initial Response in Mashhad Fire Stations

Firefighting is inherently a high-risk profession that requires rapid response under extreme physical and psychological stress. The initial response phase—from the moment of alarm to boarding the operational vehicle—is particularly critical in determining the safety and efficiency of fire operations. This study aims to identify and assess hazards faced by firefighters during the initial response in ۵۶ fire stations across Mashhad, Iran. A mixed-method design was adopted, combining qualitative interviews, structured observations, and quantitative surveys. Data were analyzed based on HSE and NFPA ۱۵۰۰ standards. Results show that physical and environmental hazards, including slippery staircases, narrow exits, poor lighting, and inadequate personal protective equipment (PPE) availability, are the most frequent risk factors. The mean safety index across all stations was ۶۸.۴, which is below the NFPA-recommended level of ۸۵. The study concludes that systematic hazard assessment and adherence to NFPA and HSE protocols significantly improve firefighter readiness and reduce operational risks.

کلیدواژه ها:

Firefighter safety ، HSE ، NFPA ۱۵۰۰ ، risk assessment ، hazard identification ، Mashhad