GH- MOF- and COF-Based Nanocatalysts for Selective CO۲ Hydrogenation to Methanol under Mild Conditions: Recent Advances (۲۰۲۳-۲۰۲۵) and Industrial Prospects in Iran

Carbon dioxide hydrogenation to methanol using green hydrogen is a promising carbon capture and utilization (CCU) route for achieving carbon neutrality. This review focuses on the latest advances (۲۰۲۳-۲۰۲۵) in metal-organic framework (MOF) and covalent organic framework (COF)-based nanocatalysts for selective CO۲-to-methanol conversion under mild conditions (T< ۱۵۰ °C, P< ۲۰ bar). Single-atom Cu anchored on amino-functionalized UiO-۶۶, defect-engineered TpPa-۱ COFS with Cu-N sites, and hierarchical MOF-COF hybrids have achieved methanol yields exceeding ۸۵% and space-time yields up to ۲.۸g g_cat⁻¹ h by enhancing CO۲ adsorption, H₂ activation, and water tolerance. Key challenges such as hydrothermal instability and water poisoning are addressed through defect engineering, hydrophobic functionalization, and sorption-enhanced reactors. Iran, with over ۱۲ Mt yr⁻¹ methanol capacity and abundant CO۲ emissions from Assaluyeh and Mahshahr complexes, is uniquely positioned to lead green methanol production. Integration of solar-driven hydrogen (LCOH≈ $۱.۵-۲ kg in southern Iran) with existing methanol plants could yield ۲-۵ Mt yr⁻¹ green methanol by ۲۰۳۰ at a levelized cost of $۳۰۰-۴۵۰ t. Pilot-scale implementation of UiO-۶۶-TpPa-۱ catalysts and policy incentives for ۲۰% CCU blending are recommended to accelerate commercialization. These breakthroughs, combined with Iran's abundant CO۲ point sources and solar potential, pave the way for cost-competitive green methanol production and significant decarbonization of the petrochemical sector by ۲۰۳۰.

کلیدواژه ها:

CO۲ hydrogenation ، Methanol ، MOF ، COF ، Single-atom catalyst ، Green hydrogen ، Iran ، Mild conditions