A Review of Dust Storm Trends in Major Middle Eastern Cities and the Influence of Meteorological Parameters (۲۰۱۵–۲۰۲۵)

Dust storms and particulate matter (PM) pollution pose significant environmental and public health challenges, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions such as the Middle East. Cities like Tehran (Iran), Riyadh (Saudi Arabia), Baghdad (Iraq), Cairo (Egypt), Dubai (UAE), Amman (Jordan), and Muscat (Oman) experience frequent dust storms that contribute to elevated levels of particulate matter, especially PM۱۰ and PM۲.۵. These fine particles are of particular concern due to their adverse effects on human health, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Dust storms in the region are often driven by high wind speeds, low humidity, and seasonal weather patterns that promote the suspension of fine dust particles into the atmosphere. Both natural and anthropogenic factors, such as desertification, urbanization, and industrial activities, play crucial roles in exacerbating dust storm frequency and intensity. Long-term exposure to these particles has been linked to various chronic health conditions, including asthma, lung diseases, and diminished lung function. Additionally, dust storms have a significant impact on the environment, reducing air quality and visibility. Understanding the trends and sources of dust pollution, as well as the role of meteorological parameters, is essential for developing effective pollution control strategies. This review provides an overview of dust storm trends in major Middle Eastern cities over the past decade and explores the key meteorological factors influencing the formation and intensity of dust storms. It also discusses the importance of regional cooperation and data sharing for mitigating the environmental and health impacts of dust storms.

کلیدواژه ها:

Dust storms ، Particulate matter (PM) ، Middle East ، Meteorological parameters ، Air pollution