The Role of Physical Activity as a Protective Shield in Reducing Psychological Complications: A Scoping Review

Mental disorders are recognized as one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, imposing a significant economic and social burden on society. In this context, identifying accessible and low-cost strategies for preventing and reducing psychological complications is a priority for public health systems. Physical activity, as a non-pharmaceutical and low-risk intervention, has attracted considerable attention in the field of mental health. This review aimed to synthesize existing evidence on the role of physical activity in preventing and reducing psychological complications, focusing on depression, anxiety, and psychosis. Methods: This scoping review study was conducted to comprehensively examine the extent and nature of the existing literature on the relationship between physical activity and mental health. A systematic search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases for English-language articles published between ۲۰۱۴ and ۲۰۲۴. Search keywords included terms for "physical activity" and "mental health" and their synonyms. After removing duplicates, a two-stage screening process was carried out based on title and abstract, followed by a full-text assessment of the articles. Data from eligible studies were extracted using a standardized form and then summarized and presented using qualitative thematic analysis. Findings: The results of this study revealed that physical activity affects mental health through multidimensional and interconnected mechanisms. From a neurobiological perspective, physical activity strengthens the physiological foundations of brain health by releasing neurotransmitters (such as endorphins, serotonin, and dopamine), increasing Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), regulating the HPA axis, and reducing systemic inflammation. Psychologically, physical activity leads to enhanced self-efficacy, creates constructive distraction from negative thoughts, improves body image and self-esteem, and establishes daily routine and structure. From a social perspective, participation in physical activities increases social interactions and enhances interpersonal skills. Finally, from a clinical standpoint, strong evidence supports the role of physical activity as an effective adjunctive intervention in treating depression, reducing anxiety and stress, improving sleep quality, aiding in addiction management, and controlling symptoms in severe psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Conclusion: Physical activity is a powerful, accessible, and cost-effective preventive and mitigating strategy for common mental disorders, particularly depression and anxiety. Promoting an active lifestyle should be incorporated as a core component of public health policies and macro-level health system planning to reduce the burden of mental disorders. It is recommended that physical activity programs be designed considering individuals' preferences and capabilities to ensure their sustainability and enjoyability. Keywords: Psychologically, physical activity, mental health, anxiety