Enhanced Cooling System Design for Single and Double Pass Condensers: A Comprehensive Technical, Chemical, Economic, and Environmental Feasibility Study

The escalating global crises of fossil fuel depletion and emission threats are motivating developed nations to adopt electric vehicles (EVs) as a sustainable transportation alternative. While EVs offer notable advantages, including reduced environmental impact, they also present challenges such as high initial costs, increased electronic waste pollution, and potential electricity supply constraints. Some countries are exploring hydrogen-based fuels for internal combustion engines, but challenges related to hydrogen storage and safety remain significant. To address these issues, research is increasingly focused on transitioning internal combustion engines to low-emission technologies, such as reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engines, and incorporating hydrogen-enriched biofuels. This study investigates the performance of RCCI engines using various ammonium hydroxide energy shares (۳۰%, ۳۵%, and ۴۰%) as hydrogen carriers, combined with biodiesel derived from waste lather fat (WLFO) blended with ۱۰۰ ppm of nanoparticles. The results reveal that a blend comprising ۳۵% ammonium hydroxide and ۶۵\% WLFO achieves substantial reductions in nitrogen oxides (۹.۲%), hydrocarbons (۲۷%), and smoke (۲۶%) compared to conventional diesel in an RCCI engine. Additionally, this blend maintains comparable heat release rates, brake thermal efficiency, and brake-specific energy consumption, demonstrating its potential as a cleaner and efficient alternative fuel.

کلیدواژه ها:

Ammonium hydroxide ، reactivity-controlled compression ignition engine ، sustainable energy ، nano additive ، Performance Enhancement