Development and Evaluation of Newcastle Disease Virus-Vectored Avian Influenza Vaccines: Strategies, Mechanisms, and Prospects

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) are among the most critical viral threats to poultry health and global food security, causing significant economic losses due to high mortality, decreased productivity, and trade restrictions. Traditional vaccination strategies have relied on separate vaccines for each disease, but the emergence of bivalent vaccines particularly those utilizing NDV as a vector for AIV antigens offers a promising integrated approach. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of Newcastle-Influenza vaccines, with a focus on recombinant NDV-vectored AIV vaccines. The review discusses the historical evolution of vaccine strategies, design considerations for recombinant vaccines, mechanisms of immune response, and the efficacy of these vaccines in both laboratory and field settings. NDV-vectored vaccines induce robust humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity against both NDV and AIV, offering advantages such as bivalent protection, cost-effectiveness, and the potential for DIVA (Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals) strategies. Despite challenges related to antigenic variability and regulatory approval, NDV-vectored AIV vaccines represent a significant advancement in the integrated control of these major poultry diseases and hold promise for future disease management and food security

کلیدواژه ها:

Newcastle Disease Virus ، Avian Influenza Virus ، Recombinant Vaccine ، NDV Vector ، Bivalent Vaccine ، Poultry Immunization ، Humoral Immunity ، Cellular Immunity ، DIVA Strategy ، Food Security