Surveying and mapping the distribution of herbicide-resistant cleavers (<I>Galium aparine</I> L.) in important wheat-growing regions of Iran

Cleavers (Galium aparine L., Family Rubiaceae) is one of the most troublesome weeds in wheat fields across Iran, which is typically controlled by acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting and auxin-mimic herbicides. However, recent reports have indicated the noneffectiveness of these common herbicides in controlling this weed. The objective of this study was to evaluate different ecotypes of G. aparine for resistance to the following herbicides: iodosulfuron-methyl sodium + mesosulfuron-methyl + the safener mefenpyr-diethyl (MI), iodosulfuron-methyl + mesosulfuron-methyl + diflufenican + mefenpyr-diethyl (MD), tribenuron-methyl (TM), ۲,۴-D + MCPA (DM), and bromoxynil + MCPA (BM). The biotypes were collected from wheat fields in the Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Ilam Provinces. The results indicated that G. aparine exhibits multiple resistances to the following herbicide combinations: MI, MD, TM, and BM. The findings revealed that different biotypes of G. aparine display higher resistance to the ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Therefore, to prevent the occurrence of multiple resistances in G. aparine in the target regions, it is recommended to adopt non-chemical control methods, such as crop rotation, and integrate herbicides with alternative modes of action (different chemical groups) into management practices. Localizing the knowledge of weed resistance to herbicides in the country and providing appropriate management information by considering the specific conditions of each region and farmer by the experts in this field to the farmers is a necessary matter and requires immediate action.

کلیدواژه ها:

Bromacil-MA ، Cross Resistance ، Herbicide ، Multiple resistances ، Weed biotypes