Physical Examination of the Overhead Athlete’s Shoulder

Background: The overhead athlete's shoulder is subjected to unique stresses due to repeated overhead motions, which can lead to various musculoskeletal injuries. These injuries, common among athletes in sports like baseball, tennis, and swimming, often manifest as pain, reduced range of motion, and functional limitations. Understanding the complexities of the anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder is crucial for physicians in accurately diagnosing and treating shoulder conditions in this population. A comprehensive physical examination is essential for identifying specific pathologies and developing effective treatment plans tailored to the needs of overhead athletes. Methods: This study reviews current methods for conducting a thorough physical examination of the overhead athlete's shoulder and emphasizes a systematic approach that includes a detailed patient history, observation, and specific physical tests. The examination process begins with assessing the athlete's scapular position and alignment, followed by evaluating active and passive range of motion. Special tests are performed to assess stability, strength, and pain response in various shoulder positions. The study also highlights the importance of distinguishing between internal shoulder pathologies and external factors that may contribute to shoulder dysfunction. Results: The findings indicate that a structured physical examination can effectively identify common shoulder problems in overhead athletes. Key observations during the examination include assessing scapular dyskinesis, often associated with rotator cuff injuries and impingement syndromes. The study describes several specific tests, such as the apprehension test, the Jobe test (empty can test), and the Hawkins-Kennedy test, which help evaluate conditions like anterior instability and impingement. The results of these tests often demonstrate varying degrees of laxity. For instance, many athletes present with ۱+ to ۲+ anterior laxity and ۲+ posterior laxity. This study emphasizes that understanding these patterns is vital for developing targeted rehabilitation strategies. Additionally, it notes that a comprehensive examination can aid in differentiating between acute injuries and chronic overuse conditions, leading to more accurate diagnoses. Conclusion: In conclusion, a thorough physical examination of the overhead athlete's shoulder is critical for effective diagnosis and management of shoulder injuries. The systematic approach outlined in this study facilitates the identification of specific pathologies while considering the unique demands placed on the shoulder by overhead activities. Physicians are encouraged to use a combination of observational assessments and special tests to ensure accurate diagnosis. This comprehensive evaluation not only aids in immediate treatment but also supports long-term rehabilitation strategies aimed at preventing future injuries in overhead athletes.

کلیدواژه ها:

Overhead athlete ، Shoulder examination ، Physical assessment ، Scapular dyskinesis ، Rotator cuff injuries ، Special tests