The Impact Of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals On The Environment And Their Mitigation Through Microbial Bioremediation

Veterinary drugs are commonly used to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in livestock. However, the improper disposal of these drugs, including empty containers, unused medication, and animal feed, as well as the discharge of active ingredients during manufacturing and treatment processes, can lead to their continuous release into aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various pathways through which veterinary drugs enter the environment, with a focus on the role of agricultural practices and inappropriate disposal methods. The harmful effects of these drugs on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are highlighted through specific examples. Additionally, the review delves into the mechanisms by which microbes can degrade veterinary drug compounds, showcasing successful case studies and recent advancements in microbial-based bioremediation. Furthermore, the potential of microbial electrochemical technologies as an environmentally friendly solution for removing pharmaceutical contaminants from wastewater is discussed. Finally, the review concludes with a summary of the current innovations and potential challenges in implementing large-scale bioremediation, providing insights into future developments in this field.

کلیدواژه ها:

Veterinary Pharmaceuticals ، Environment ، Microbial Bioremediation