Application of CRISPR/Cas۹ technology in basic research, diagnosis, and therapy of blood cancer

Introduction
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) was first discovered in Escherichia coli. While many CRISPR–Cas systems exist, only a few have been used as research tools. CRISPR-Cas۹, known for its precision and versatility, has revolutionized genome editing due to its cost-effectiveness and ease of use. Hematological malignancies, which arise in blood-forming and lymphoid tissues, rank as the fifth most frequent type of cancer in the world. The CRISPR/Cas۹ gene editing technique has become a powerful tool in biomedical research, with transformative potential in the study and treatment of blood cancers.

Method
In this review, electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were searched. Studies that explore the application of CRISPR/Cas۹ in basic research, diagnosis and therapy of blood cancer were included.

Discussion
The reviewed studies demonstrate how CRISPR/Cas۹ contributes to the modeling of genetic mutations underlying blood cancers and provides insight into the disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, CRISPR/Cas۹ enhances the accuracy of blood cancer diagnosis and enables personalized medicine by identifying specific genetic mutations. Therapeutically, CRISPR/Cas۹ can be used for targeted gene editing to correct disease-causing mutations, and it can also develop treatments such as CAR-T cell therapy, but off-target changes in the genome remain a real concern. To increase editing precision, high-fidelity Cas variants, particularly SpCas۹-HF۱, HiFiCas۹, and Sniper۲L, along with laboratory-evolved Cas variants that are compatible with PAM sequences have been developed.

Conclusion
This review suggests that the CRISPR/Cas۹ gene editing technique is an important tool for investigating and treating blood cancers. Despite challenges and limitations, CRISPR/Cas۹ holds promise for revolutionizing blood cancer research and treatment paradigms. However, these technologies are relatively new and more fundamental, necessitating further research and clinical trials to establish their safety and effectiveness.

کلیدواژه ها:

CRISPR/Cas۹ ، blood cancers ، precision medicine