Artificial Intelligence and ethico-legal challenges in healthcare: A Scoping Review

Background and aims: Artificial intelligence (AI) is currently one of the mostly controversialmatters of the health. As AI continues to increase its effect on health decisions, the present studydiscusses AI in terms of the health ethics and legal issues involved, both existing and potential.The objective of the present scoping review is to document the current applications of AI in healthand the ethical and legal concerns or challenges, they imply to highlight gaps, and to proposesteps to move towards an artificial intelligence ethics framework for Iran.Method: This scoping review followed the PRISMA guidelines. The search was conducted usingtwo health care database (MEDLINE [PubMed] and ScienceDirect) with the following keywords:artificial intelligence [All Mesh Terms], ethics, legal, challenge, consideration and health [AllMesh Terms].The exclusion criteria were as follows: languages other than English, case studies,editorial, conference paper and reviews. No limitations on publication dates were imposed.Results: A total of ۴۰۸ articles were identified, of which ۳۹۳ (۹۶.۳۲%) were excluded and ۱۵(۳.۶۸%) were included in the review. Twenty-two ethico-legal issues (related to the use AI inhealthcare domains) were reported in ۱۵ studies around three principles: data ownership, securityand patient privacy (equity (۱), justice (۳), choice (۱), privacy (۱۱), confidentiality (۲), autonomy(۵), integrity (۱), discrimination (۱) and security (۱)) ۲۶ items (۴۶.۴۳%), trustworthiness andexplicability (negligence (۱), culpability (۱), trust (۲), explicability (۱), accountability (۴), mitigationof bios (۵), liability (۵), transparency (۲), decision making (۲), validity (۱) and accuracy (۲))۲۶ items (۴۶.۴۳%) and harm minimization (beneficence and non-maleficence (۳) and preventionharm (۱)) ۴ items (۷.۱۴%). The reports referred to ethico-legal challenges in pathology (۲), radiology(۲), laboratory medicine (۲), cancer (۲), education (۱), intensive care medicine (۱), gastroenterology(۱), neuroscience (۱), robotic surgery (۱) and nuclear medicine (۱) fields.Conclusion: Since it is necessary to develop Iranian ethico-legal framework for artificial intelligencein healthcare domain, it is suggested that the core challenges presented in current articlecan be used for architectural design, based on the country’s national laws.

کلیدواژه ها:

Artificial intelligence (AI) ، Medical ethics ، Health ، Ethical issues ، Challenge ، Ethical dimensions ، Legal consideration and Ethical consideration