The role of inflammatory cytokines (IL-۱ and IL-۶) in the different stages of Covid-۱۹ (mild, severe, and critical)

Introduction and objective: Covid-۱۹ causes inflammatory reactions in the body. The purpose of this study was to review studies conducted to assess serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (IL-۱ and IL-۶) in patients with COVID-۱۹ at various stages of the disease.Method of Evaluation: A systematic search during the years ۲۰۲۱-۲۰۲۲ using the keywords COVID-۱۹, SARS-CoV-۲, IL-۶, IL-۱, CRP, Mild stage, Severe stage, Critical stage, Cytokine storm, Tocilizumab, Anakinra was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar databases.Results: A cytokine storm reflects an over-production of immune and inflammatory cells and their cytokines (IL-۱ and IL-۶). Studies have shown that cytokine storms are a primary cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome. In the presence of this unexpectedly emerging novel infectious disease, it is vital to perceive immune-inflammatory parameters that might expect the disorder severity and the prognosis essentially for directing medical care. A review of the studies shows that patients with COVID-۱۹ have been classified as mild, severe, and critical. Studies have also shown that the measurement of serum levels of IL-۶ and IL-۱ in patients with COVID-۱۹ shows a high level of these cytokines at each stage. In addition, IL-۱-induced IL-۶ assists in the synthesis of liver C-reactive protein (CRP) in acute phase responses. In recent studies, IL-۶ levels were significantly higher in critical COVID-۱۹ and severe cases of COVID-۱۹ compared to the mild group, suggesting that this is an independent predictor of coronavirus disease. Anakinra and Tocilizumab are beneficial in reducing mortality in COVID-۱۹ patients; however, there is limited information on safety and efficacy.Conclusion: As a result; studies suggest that reduced innate antiviral defenses coupled with the production of exuberant inflammatory cytokines are the determining and driving functions of COVID-۱۹. This study reviews studies that have investigated the role of high levels of these cytokines in the severity of the disease in patients with COVID-۱۹ and the inhibitory function of Tocilizumab and Anakinra in preventing mechanical ventilation and patient mortality.

کلیدواژه ها:

COVID-۱۹ ، IL-۶ ، IL-۱ ، Tocilizumab ، Anakinra