The heavy metals in human body fluids related to the tobacco smoke; asystematic review

Background: Metals enter the body and accumulate in different ways, such as drinking water,eating food and the smoking. Most of heavy metals are toxic even in low level. The relationbetween the tobacco smoking and intake of the metals have been studied frequently and it is aconcerning issue. In this regard, the aim of this study was study on the concentrations andevaluating the health risks for the heavy metals from tobacco smoke.Method: In the current systematic review, three databases of Springer, Science Direct andPubMed, were searched with the keywords of “Heavy metal”, “ETS”,” Tobacco”, “Breast milk”,“Blood” and “Urine” in the time period from November ۱, ۲۰۲۲ to November ۲۷, ۲۰۲۲. In nextstep, articles titles included “Heavy metal” and “Tobacco” or “ETS” and “Breast milk” or “blood”or “urine” in their title or summary or keyword were selected. ۴۰ articles were included and aftersurfing on them, finally ۲۷ articles were selected.Result: The results showed that the children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) hadhigher concentration of Pb in their hair than the children not exposed to (۲.۴۳ vs. ۲.۳۳ ng/mg). Theconcentration was even higher than for the smoker adults (۲.۴۳ vs. ۱.۹۸ ng/mg). With the results,the concentration of Pb, Cd and As in blood of smokers is significantly higher than non-smokers.And the concentration of Pb in blood of children who were exposed to ETS was higher than that ofthe not exposed children. As, Pb and Cd in the blood of smoker pregnant women was higher thanthat of non-smokers. Concentration of metals in plasma was higher than other body fluids, and forthe smokers it was higher than for the non-smokers. Also, higher concentration of Pb, Ni, Cu wasreported in smokers’ serum compared to the non-smokers. The concentration of Cd in urine was۰.۳۲۸۶ ± ۰.۰۹۸۲ μg/g for the smokers and ۰.۲۷۵۹ ± ۰.۱۲۳۹ for non-smokers. Also, in the urine ofchildren who were exposed to ETS the concentration of cobalt (Co) and tin (Sn) was significantlyhigher than the not exposed children. The results showed that the concentration of Cd and Pb inthe breast milk of smoker mothers is significantly higher than that of non-smoker mothers. Pb (۴.۸v.s ۲.۸ μg/l), Cd (۵.۱ v.s ۰.۶۴ μg/l) and Zn (۹۴۰ v.s ۴۵۰ μg/l) in the saliva of smokers were inhigher concentrations compared to the non-smokers.Conclusion: Smoking is one of the factors that disturbs the balance of the metal concentrations inthe body and led to the health threat.

کلیدواژه ها:

Blood ، Urine ، Saliva ، Air Pollution ، Breast Milk