Persian and English Multiple Wh-questions in Contrast: A Study of Binary, D-linked, and Ternary Multiple Wh-Questions

This paper examines the distributional pattern of wh-elements in Persian and English multiple wh-questions (MWQs) based on a Grammaticality Judgement (GJ) task administered to Persian speakers of English (PSEs) and native speakers of Persian (NSEs). Using a one-shot design, the GJ task elicited the intuition of ۳۰ randomly assigned Persian speakers of English and ۳۰ native speakers of English on the full range of multiple wh-configurations combining ۶ types of wh-elements (i.e. who, what, where, when, how and why) in the wh-operator (i.e. wh۱) and wh-in-situ (i.e. wh۲) positions. The data were analysed using hierarchical cluster analysis, and grammatical and ungrammatical MWQs were sharply distinguished into separate clusters in the resulting dendrogram. The results of the study revealed that (i) ۷ out of ۳۰ possible ordered pairs of Persian MWQs were clustered as grammatical ones and the rest were clustered as ungrammatical ones, and (ii) there are significant differences in terms of the grammaticality of Persian/English binary and ternary MWQs, while there is generally no significant difference between NSEs’ ratings of English D-linked MWQs and PSEs’ ratings of the translation-equivalent Persian D-linked MWQs. The results of the study have pedagogical implications for teaching Persian to non-native speakers of Persian in terms of the order of teaching different types of Persian MWQs, the contexts for the use of such structures, and the proficiency level at which Persian MWQs could be taught to non-native speakers of Persian.Extended AbstractIn Chomsky’s Government and Binding theory, a number of parameters have been the subject of a plethora of investigations. One of the parameters of UG which has received attention of linguists in the past decade or so is the wh-parameter. In addition to the variation between languages with respect to single wh-questions (i.e. wh-movement vs. wh-in-situ), it has been noted that languages also differ in the way they produce multiple wh-questions (MWQs). In English MWQs, there is a single strict constraint on the movement of wh-elements known as the Superiority effect, where the wh-phrase that C-commands the other moves to Spec-CP. In contrast, Persian is a language with a productive scrambling property, which demonstrates two basic strategies for the formation of MWQs: (i) multiple wh-in-situ, where wh-elements are not subject to the Superiority effect, (ii) optional multiple wh-fronting with multiply filled specifiers (i.e. [+MFS]), where wh-words are bound to the Superiority effect. There are specific conditions under which the violation of the Superiority effect in English MWQs disappears, and their ungrammaticality is ameliorated: D(iscourse)-linking and ternary (non-binary) wh-questions. As the overarching goal of the study, this paper examines the distributional pattern of wh-elements in Persian and English multiple wh-questions (MWQs) based on a Grammaticality Judgement (GJ) task administered to Persian speakers of English (PSEs) and native speakers of Persian (NSEs). More specifically put, the study intends to answer the two research questions: (i) How do native speakers of Persian distinguish among the six types of wh۲ elements in Persian binary multiple wh-questions (MWQs)?, and (ii) Are there any grammaticality differences between English native speakers’ ratings of English binary, D-linked and ternary MWQs and Persian native speakers’ ratings of translation-equivalent Persian binary, D-linked and ternary MWQs? Since the purpose of the present study

کلیدواژه ها:

Multiple wh-question ، Superiority effect ، Wh-movement ، Grammaticality Judgement (GJ) Task