Different methods of removal water hardness

Hard water can cause many problems including scaling and excessive soap consumption. In the United States, hard water is mostly found in the mid-western and western states. Hardness in water is caused by the presence of certain positively charged metallic ions in solution in the water. Anion exchange process was introduced as an approach for softening of artificial hard water solutions. The effectiveness of the decontamination of waters by means of electrochemical technologies depends on the different operating conditions of the processes. Clofibric acid is the metabolite and active principle of blood lipid regulators, it represents the class of acidic pharmaceuticals, and is one of the most persistent drug residues detected in the aquatic environment worldwide. Ion exchange technique has proved to be advantageous over other technologies. The commercial activated carbons assayed effectively remove clofibric acid, with CP sample presenting the highest adsorption capacity, due to its higher micropore volume and the presence of super micropores with widths higher than the clofibric acid species critical dimensions (0.70–0.73 nm).

کلیدواژه ها:

hard water ، water hardness ، chemical method ، ion exchange