Emerging Human Viral Diseases; Drivers, Countermeasures, and Future Challenges

Introduction: Emerging viral diseases are driven by viral evolution, environmental change, human activities, and weaknesses in public health systems. Advances in vaccines, antivirals, monoclonal antibodies, and novel therapeutic approaches have improved outbreak preparedness and response. However, major challenges remain, including fragmented surveillance, inequitable access to countermeasures, health-system limitations, and misinformation. This review was conducted to summarize current evidence on the ecological, environmental, socioeconomic, and health-system drivers of viral emergence and re-emergence; review advances in preventive and therapeutic countermeasures; evaluate the contribution of the One Health framework; and identify major global preparedness gaps and potential solutions for future outbreaks. Conclusion: The One Health approach provides a framework for strengthening prevention, early detection, and coordinated response. Mitigating the increasing threat of emerging viral diseases requires a comprehensive and multidisciplinary strategy that combines biomedical innovation, integrated One Health surveillance, resilient health systems, equitable access to diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics, and sustained international collaboration. Addressing persistent preparedness gaps through coordinated governance, long-term investment, and cross-sectoral partnerships will be essential for strengthening global health security and improving readiness for future outbreaks.

کلیدواژه ها:

Viruses ، One Health ، Public health surveillance