Approaches to Conflict Resolution in the Epistle of ʿAli b. Abī Ṭālib to Mālik al-Ashtar

International conflict encompasses disputes arising between nation-states, individuals, and transnational organizations. It likewise includes internal intergroup conflicts within a single state, particularly when a faction seeks self-determination or endeavors to acquire greater sociopolitical or economic influence. Although such disputes and antagonisms may appear adverse, they remain integral to societal dynamics and human development. While the total elimination of conflict presents substantial practical difficulties, its constructive management remains feasible. A principal mechanism for mitigating discord is formal conflict resolution between the disputing parties, which necessitates well-defined, systematic frameworks to secure enduring outcomes. This study delineates conflict resolution strategies derived from the foundational governance epistle addressed by ʿAli b. Abī Ṭālib to Mālik al-Ashtar. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology grounded in textual and library research, this paper identifies four core conflict resolution paradigms embedded in the text: (۱) responsiveness to peace initiatives proposed by adversaries; (۲) strategic vigilance following the conclusion of a peace accord; (۳) strict adherence to contractual and covenantal obligations; and (۴) the elimination of ambiguity in the terms and conditions of peace treaties. These approaches are subsequently analyzed within the broader context of classical Islamic political thought and contemporary dispute resolution.

کلیدواژه ها:

International Conflict ، Conflict Resolution ، Imam Ali ، Malik Ashtar ، Peace Treaty Terms