A Review of Recent Advances in Leishmania Nanovaccines with Emphasis on Liposomal Nanovaccines

Background: Leishmaniasis remains a significant global health challenge, with no approved human vaccine available. Recent advances in nanotechnology have opened new avenues for vaccine development, offering improved antigen delivery, enhanced immunogenicity, and targeted immune responses. Methods: This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in Leishmania nanovaccines, with a particular focus on liposomal formulations. Results: We discuss the immunological basis for vaccine design, the limitations of conventional vaccines, and the advantages of nano-carrier systems. Liposomal nanovaccines are highlighted for their versatility, biocompatibility, and ability to co-deliver antigens and adjuvants, leading to potent Th۱-biased immune responses. We also examined other promising nano-platforms, including polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, emulsions, and virus-like particles. Despite promising preclinical results, challenges remain in scalability, stability, and clinical translation. Conclusion: This review underscores the potential of nanovaccines to overcome existing barriers and accelerate the development of effective vaccines against leishmaniasis.

کلیدواژه ها:

Leishmania ، nanovaccines ، liposomes ، vaccine delivery ، adjuvants ، immunotherapy