A Systematic Review of Eye-Tracking Studies on L۱ Persian and Arabic Reading: Implications for L۲ English Reading Comprehension

This study examines how first language (L۱) reading processes in Persian and Arabic shape second language (L۲) English reading, with a focus on insights provided by eye-tracking research. While L۲ reading has been widely studied, the role of L۱-based cognitive and visual processing patterns remains underexplored, particularly for learners whose orthographic systems differ substantially from English. The present study aims to systematically review empirical eye-tracking studies on Persian and Arabic reading to identify processing patterns that may influence L۲ comprehension. A systematic literature search was conducted using major academic databases, applying defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of ۱۲ empirical eye-tracking studies were selected for analysis. The selected studies were analyzed comparatively, focusing on key eye-movement measures such as fixation duration, regression patterns, and reading time. The findings reveal that L۱-specific features, including right-to-left directionality, cursive script structure, and reduced vowel representation, significantly influence reading behavior and contribute to increased cognitive load during L۲ processing. Recurring patterns such as vowel-related processing difficulties, reliance on visual segmentation cues, and sensitivity to lexical frequency were observed across studies. These findings highlight the importance of considering L۱ reading habits in L۲ instruction and suggest that targeted pedagogical interventions addressing orthographic and perceptual differences can support more efficient L۲ reading development.

کلیدواژه ها:

cross-linguistic transfer ، bilingual literacy ، visual word recognition ، cognitive processing ، script directionality