Optimization in Distribution Networks with PV: A Comprehensive Review

The rapid growth of photovoltaic (PV) generation in distribution networks is transforming traditionally passive grids into actively managed systems, but it also introduces operational and planning challenges such as voltage rise, reverse power flow, thermal congestion, protection miscoordination, power-quality degradation, and increased uncertainty due to solar intermittency. This review surveys optimization-driven approaches for integrating PV in distribution systems, focusing on the ۲۰۲۰–۲۰۲۵ research landscape. Planning-layer formulations are discussed for optimal PV siting/sizing, hosting-capacity maximization, network reinforcement, and coordinated investment in complementary resources such as energy storage systems (ESS) and flexible demand, under deterministic, stochastic, and robust frameworks. On the operational layer, the paper reviews optimal power flow (OPF) and control-oriented optimization for voltage regulation and loss minimization, including coordinated control of on-load tap changers (OLTCs), capacitor banks, smart inverter Volt–VAR/Volt–Watt functions, and active power curtailment. Distribution network reconfiguration (static and dynamic) is examined as a combinatorial optimization tool to relieve congestion and mitigate PV-induced voltage violations, often in multi-timescale coordination with inverter and storage control. Solution methodologies are categorized into mathematical programming (MILP/MINLP, convex relaxations), metaheuristics, and emerging data-driven/AI techniques (e.g., reinforcement learning and generative models for scenario synthesis). Finally, open challenges and future directions are highlighted, including scalability, cyber-secure coordination, uncertainty-aware multi-timescale optimization, fair curtailment allocation, and standard-compliant deployment of inverter-based grid services.

کلیدواژه ها:

Distribution networks ، photovoltaic (PV) integration ، optimization ، hosting capacity ، Volt–VAR control ، smart inverters ، distribution network reconfiguration ، energy storage systems (ESS) ، uncertainty modeling ، multi-objective optimization ، active distribution networks