Radiographic and Ultrasonographic Evaluation in Differentiating Cystitis, Urolithiasis, and Urinary Bladder Neoplasia in Dogs and Cats

Lower urinary tract diseases are among the most common clinical presentations in small-animal practice. Radiography and ultrasonography remain the primary diagnostic tools for evaluating the urinary bladder; however, differentiating cystitis, urolithiasis, and bladder neoplasia can be challenging due to overlapping imaging features. This review provides an advanced, radiologist-level discussion of the imaging hallmarks, diagnostic algorithms, and modality-specific pitfalls that assist in achieving accurate differentiation among these disorders. Evidence-based parameters, Doppler characteristics, contrast-enhanced techniques, and CT adjunctive roles are also discussed.

کلیدواژه ها:

Veterinary Medicine ، Ultrasonography and Radiology of Cystitis ، Urolithiasis ، and Neoplasia