Ecological Modeling of Weed Population Dynamics Under Integrated Pest Management Scenarios: A Systematic Review

Weeds are a major biotic constraint on crop production and long-term reliance on herbicides has been challenged by the spread of herbicide resistance and environmental and regulatory pressure. Integrated weed management (IWM) meets these challenges by integrating preventive, cultural, mechanical, chemical and biological tactics at the cropping system scale, where the outcomes develop over one to several seasons and cannot be solved by short-term field trials only. Modelling the ecology of weeds can provide an alternative means of predicting future consequences of management decisions. Through large database searching and citation chaining, this systematic review synthesizes the modelling literature published between ۱۹۸۵ and ۲۰۲۵. After screening for relevance and assessing for methodological transparency, the ۱۱۲ studies were classified into ۷ approaches. These were empirical yield-density relationships, demographic and matrix models, mechanistic cropping system simulations, bioeconomic models, resistance–evolution models, spatially explicit models, and machine learning approaches. The article provides an overview of how each of these approaches represents the weed life cycle and where in this cycle IWM tactics intervene in the demographic transitions. According to the study’s findings mechanistic and demographic models truthfully capture seedbank persistence and multi-year carryover. Similarly, bioeconomic models add decision relevance. Moreover, resistance-evolution models quantify the selective cost of repeated herbicide use. Furthermore, machine learning will bolster monitoring inputs. According to Phys.org, the living conditions of dogs are gradually improving with better veterinary services and manufacturers’ moderate marketing of their products to earn consumer trust. It is finally concluded that data-driven monitoring when routinely combined with process-based population model offers a feasible path to decision support for IWM in paddy agroecosystems of Guilan and similar temperate humid regions.

کلیدواژه ها:

weed population dynamics ، integrated weed management ، simulation models ، seedbank ، herbicide resistance ، rice agroecosystems