A review on the use of orange peel waste as a sustainable biosource to enhance the production of antioxidants, polysaccharides, and growth in the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

The significant increase in citrus waste, especially orange peel, which accounts for about ۳۰-۴۰% of the fruit weight, is a major challenge for the food industry. These wastes are usually generated during the juicing, concentrating, and processing of oranges, and if improperly disposed of, they can cause environmental pollution. At the same time, orange peel is rich in bio-polysaccharides (pectin), flavonoids (hesperidin, naringenin), fermentable sugars, minerals, and antioxidant compounds; characteristics that make it a valuable supplement for bio-culture media. The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most important traditional East Asian mushrooms that has been widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries due to its anticancer polysaccharides, anti-inflammatory triterpenoids, and immune-boosting compounds. The production of this mushroom usually requires a rich and expensive culture medium; Therefore, the addition of orange waste can be a sustainable, economical, and environmentally friendly solution. Recent studies have shown that the use of orange peel extract or hydrolysate in Ganoderma lucidum culture medium increases mycelial growth by ۲۵-۵۵%, increases the synthesis of bioactive polysaccharides (ẞ-glucans), increases antioxidant activity, and improves biological efficiency. The presence of flavonoids and pectin in orange peel not only stimulates the metabolic pathways of the fungus, but also increases its resistance to oxidative stress. This article, with a review approach, investigated the chemical composition of orange peel, the method of extracting nutrients, and its effect on the biological performance of Ganoderma lucidum. The results of the reviews indicate that the use of these wastes can reduce the cost of medicinal mushroom production and be an effective environmental strategy for managing citrus waste.

کلیدواژه ها:

Ganoderma lucidum ، orange peel ، agricultural waste ، polysaccharide ، flavonoid ، mycelium growth