Forest Insecticide Shifts, Ecological Impacts, and New Management Approaches

Forests represent critical ecosystems underpinning global biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and human livelihoods, yet they face escalating threats from insect pest outbreaks exacerbated by climate change, globalization, and anthropogenic disturbances. This comprehensive review synthesizes historical and contemporary patterns of insecticide use in forest management, evaluating the transition from broad-spectrum chemical agents to integrated, ecologically sustainable alternatives. Drawing on empirical studies and theoretical frameworks from ۱۹۶۴ to ۲۰۲۵, we examine regional variations in application practices, ecological consequences including non-target toxicity, bioaccumulation, and trophic cascades, and the role of policy instruments such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and international conventions (e.g., CBD, FAO guidelines). Key findings highlight a paradigm shift toward microbial biopesticides (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana) and technological innovations like UAV-based remote sensing and AI-driven predictive modeling, which enable precision interventions and reduce chemical dependency. However, persistent barriers—such as variable efficacy, economic constraints, and institutional inertia—underscore the need for landscape-scale risk assessments, climate-integrated strategies, and equitable global governance. We conclude that achieving resilient forest pest management demands interdisciplinary collaboration, prioritizing ecosystem integrity over short-term suppression to mitigate environmental costs while safeguarding forest health in an era of rapid ecological change.

کلیدواژه ها:

insecticide ، forest ecosystems ، pest management ، microbial control ، UAV monitoring ، ecological impact